The Phenomenon of Horizontal Violence-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Distinguish and Critically think about a Personal Professional Practice understanding of your decision that is distinctive to the issue you canvassed in your semester point introduction. The attention is on an issue that you accept may happen again during your change to rehearse as an alumni enrolled nurture. Legitimize your choice of this theme zone and its Importance. Answer: Flat savagery (HV) is characterized as a demonstration of undesirable threatening vibe or misuse happening inside the work environment (BecherVisovsky, 2012).Horizontal brutality is a progression of rehashed clashes that makes HV overpowering, creating side effects like wretchedness and posttraumatic worry among the victims(BecherVisovsky, 2012). The marvel of HV is now and again utilized conversely with the term parallel viciousness (Taylor,2016). At the point when an attendant or a gathering of medical caretakers communicates threatening or unsafe conduct toward a specific collaborator, at that point it is term as flat viciousness in nursing profession(Sheridan-Leos, 2008). The individuals from nursing calling has a place with persecuted bunch with most of the individuals are ladies. As per the hypothesis of mistreatment, absence of intensity and absence of command over the workplace lead to the age of HV inside the calling of nursing (Johnston, Phanhtharath Jackson, 2009). In nurs ing calling the demonstration of HV is confounded in light of the fact that HV is widely imbued in the work environment culture of nursing and in this manner the casualty medical attendants who are encountering or seeing the equivalent don't remember it (Taylor,2016). HV which results out of cyclic demonstrations of animosity towards the associates is additionally named as work environment tormenting. Here tormenting implies disparaging the worker, either freely or secretly. Here the fundamental intension of the bullys is to make mental and physical pressure the people in question (Vessey, DeMarcoDiFazio, 2011). Other conduct that contributes flat savagery incorporate accusing, verbal battling among the associates, condemning, declining to give assistance, embarrassment in an open spot and subverting endeavors (Dumont, Meisinger, Whitacre Corbin, 2012). Different dangers are tattling, disconnection, danger, obliviousness and making recognizable physical articulation like moving of e yes (Thomas Burk, 2009). HV died nobility of an individual and this thusly is hindering for the calling. HV has unique ramifications over the understudies or the recently graduated nursing faculty who have basically question with respect to viable field of work and requires calling direction so as to accomplish their maximum capacity in nursing calling. New alumni medical attendants who are the casualties of HV face troubles in making progress because of complex working environment natural conflict(Laschinger et al., 2010). Not just the group of recently graduates, HV hamper the balance of nursing calling or the social insurance group. This harm is brought about by regularly broadening break between the nursing experts or gathering of experts. The impact of HV thusly in a roundabout way influences the wellbeing and the personal satisfaction of the patient (Roche et al., 2010). The casualties of HV in nursing calling experience the ill effects of low confidence, nervousness, resting turmoil and wretchedness. All these symptoms are adverse for nursing calling and impacts the representative maintenance prompting poor patient : nurture proportion (Wilson et al., 2011; Weaver, 2013). This is because of the way that most of the medical attendants who have become the casualty of HV have considered leaving the calling and which have added to the lack in national nursing. For the sake of HV, significant data identified with quiet consideration is either precluded or left well enough alone from the new going to graduate medical caretaker. Accordingly, the deceived nurture falls in a poor situation before the specialists and the relatives of the patients. Not just this, quiet, quality treatment and wellbeing is additionally undermined because of such acts. This carelessness in quiet consideration emerging out of the absence of data may cost contrarily to the patients, their family and the social insurance establishment. Such condition may likewise incur potential lawful activity against the blame worthy medical caretakers and the general condition can be faltering. Besides, what all the more compromising is, HV has likewise caused self-destructive conduct. In resentment to its wide spread hindering impacts, most of the occurrence of HV stays unreported. Indeed, even with zero reprisal approaches, casualties don't know about the suitable strides to report against V. In addition, the issue in representative maintenance and absence of value care emerging out of the HV has influenced the medicinal services foundation monetarily. In addition, this money related misfortune is additionally expanded because of non-attendance, treatment for sadness and nervousness and poor work execution. In this article I will feature a particular instance of HV that I have encountered during my progress to rehearse as an alumni enlisted nurture under the 5Rs system for reflection(Bain et al. 2002). Revealing: When I joined as an as a student nurture after by consummation of advanced education in nursing, I also turned into the casualty of HV from my senior enlisted attendants decline to corporate with me. I was going to a patient in a palliative consideration and the specialists requested that I supplant his nasogastric tube. As a student nurture, I didn't know about the genuine continuing are the guidelines that are required to be followed during the addition of fine bore nasogastric tube. For evident reasons, I was terrified however when I drew closer by individual associates, yet they will not extend their assistance towards me. Since I was fledgling in this area, the ill-advised inclusion of the cylinder caused desire related dislodgement(Fine Bore Nasogastric Feeding Tubes for Adult Policy, 2017). The patient condition turned out to be incredibly unsteady and got additionally terrified and afterward my seniors came in and controlled the whole circumstance. In any case, con sequently I got embarrassment from the specialists, whines structure the patient family and all these hauled my confidence to a negative parameter. Reacting: This circumstance caused me to feel dumb and inadequate. It pulverized my certainty to function as an attendant. I likewise felt disengaged as none of my seniors moved toward me or helped me out when I was exhibited for ill-advised nasogastric tube addition. I built up a dread of going to fill in as I was subtly embarrassed about being harassed and simultaneously confounded with respect to how to retaliate. I created pressure related disease like queasiness, cerebral pain, weight reduction, sadness, tension, a sleeping disorder, peevishness and post-horrible pressure condition (PTSS)(Elena Losa Iglesias Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo, 2012). Such conditions bit by bit turned out to be increasingly serious when their demonstration of harassing proceeded or rather state expanded. At whatever point I went through hallway of any ward, I saw certain physical motions like moving of eyes or obnoxious attack coming against me. This further made me increasingly confined and influenced my confidence. Relating: As time passed and I continuously comprehended that the issue of HVmight have begun from singular variables, natural components and other hierarchical factors(Rocker, 2008). Here individual components incorporate psychological instability and female sexual orientation laborers. Working environment condition, absence of security measures and working with threatening and fierce patients and their family membersfall under poor ecological variables (Vessey, DeMarcoDiFazio, 2011). Authoritative variables incorporate attendant deficiency due to understaffing, absence of sufficient assets and poor workgroup(Katrinli et al., 2010). In addition, what I felt is tormenting conduct that is predominant among the medical caretakers is a sort of educated procedure. For instance, the new nursing expert may indulgein the demonstration of tormenting others, basic among the veteran attendants, just to gel with them, contributing towards the continuation of HV among the nursing profession(Rock er, 2008). Reasoning:When I interfaced with the other individual student nursesand companions of mine who are filling in as a traineeI found that genuine rate and the event of the HV among the nursing calling is underreported and unrecognised(Rocker, 2008). In any case, as indicated by the report distributed by Stagg et al., in the year 2011, HV is across the board among the medical caretakers in Australia with an expected level of 65 to 80%. My companions revealed that they felt mortified as they bit by bit started to absorb these sorts of disparaging practices into the working environment. Additionally, me and my companions in nursing field felt leaving the calling through and through with an expanded degree of non-appearance so as to maintain a strategic distance from awkward circumstance. I likewise found that obnoxious attack has more huge effects on confidence than the physical maltreatment in the area of HV. As a learner, we don't have a characterized and affirmed social job, neither a f ixed pay and nor a devoted bond with explicit nursing work and subsequently we become a simple prey of obnoxious attack that lowersour confidence and morale(MagnavitaHeponiemi, 2011). Recreating: What I felt during my progress to enrolled nurture and resulting experience of HV is that it is the job of the accomplished proficient medical attendant to keep up and achieve workplaces in predictable with the expert values(BecherVisovsky, 2012). Here, the medical attendants or the ladies who are filling in as the nursing heads must approach to forestall these unfortunate exercises by means of offering legitimate help and training (Becher Visovsky, 2012). They should likewise bolster the student nurture or recently graduate medical attendant by means of giving intermittent criticism about their exhibition with the goal that they can take a shot at their feeble regions while giving chances to promote proficient turn of events. Senior enrolled medical caretakers should likewise consider them and their accomplished companions responsible for demonstrating worthy expert conduct. At the point when any of the group shows amateurish conduct, a legitimate restorative arrangement must be initiated. In addition, a legitimate arrangement must be started to patch up the whole nursing society that lectures and supports the demonstration of HV. I likewise feel tha

School Discipline

No school directors in their correct psyche would overlook school discipline as one of their most significant duties. About each overview of school overseers as of late records school order and school security as one of or their most significant regions of accentuation. Albeit genuine demonstrations of wrongdoing and brutality are moderately uncommon in schools, battling, harassing, demonstrations of lack of respect, defiance despite everything stay as issues looked by school executives consistently. An investigation by Public Agenda (Johnson, 2004) showed that seven out of ten center and secondary teachers studied state their schools have significant issues with understudies who upset classes. Most experienced school executives responsible for school order would state that understudies who constantly disturb classes make up under 5% of understudies enlisted, however that 5% of selected understudies can take 90% of their time. School Discipline Introduction The word discipline is a solid word for the vast majority of us. It conveys with it some biased portrayal words, for example, â€Å"weak,† â€Å"strong,† â€Å"good,† and â€Å"bad†. It is a word that has genuine repercussions for each one of the individuals who are occupied with the field of training. Having â€Å"good† discipline is an objective of each study hall educator. Principals never need the notoriety of having â€Å"weak† discipline at their schools. The open requests that schools be spots of viable control that make condition where instructors can educate and understudies can learn. Order; From the Latin expression disciplina, which means: 1. A part of information or learning; 2. Preparing that creates restraint, character, organization or effectiveness; 3. Exacting control to implement acquiescence; 4. Treatment that controls or rebuffs; 5. an arrangement of rules. It is intriguing that the meanings of the term propose that control can have very various ramifications for schools. The segment of the definition that identifies with instructing appears to be significantly more positive than the parts that incorporate the negative articulations, for example, discipline and exacting control. Rosen, 5) The Strict Control to Enforce Obedience There is no uncertainty that somebody should be accountable for our schools. For whatever length of time that schools are made out of hundreds or thousands of understudies who are legally necessary to live in an institutional setting for a few hours per day, a few times each week, there must be somebody in charge. Control doesn't mean being a superintendent at a jail. It implies keeping up request and control. One needs just a brief timeframe at a school grounds to decide if somebody is in charge. Somebody is in charge of school when: 1. Understudies are the place they should be at some random hour the school day. 2. There are hardly any interferences of class time. 3. The grounds is perfect and allowed to spray painting. 4. Grounds guests are screened and required to wear a guest's identification. 5. Specialized gadgets are noticeable and promptly accessible. 6. Administrative faculty are noticeable. 7. Understudies, educators, and chairmen have a decent working relationship. Order: Ex-students' perceptions. There are numerous perspectives about school discipline, differing from those held by the opportunity pushed like A. S. Neil and his control to the pounding regimentation of Mr. M'Choakumchild and his handyman Mr. Gradgrind. It would, notwithstanding, be concurred that a decent control in a school would be, for example, to be joined by sensible efficiency, regard for other people and their propertyâ€not overlooking school propertyâ€and a wonderful environment, which implies in addition to other things that there is no inclination of disobedience to what are felt to be superfluous guidelines. There will here and there be struggle between the head's concept of what is acceptable order and that of the understudies; in the event that he pushes too difficult to even think about reaching nonsensical and perhaps out of reach norms of compliance, the school either begins to take after a jail or his most irrational laws are broken by all various, and later his sensible principles are likewise imperiled; if on the other hand he is too remiss the students are taught into wrong perspectives to the school, to homework and even to society, and poor instructive advancement is one of the least of the costs to be paid. So the head and staff need to guide a center way between the limits, and this is worried about whether this is all the more effectively attainedâ€for whatever reasonâ€in a co-instructive school as opposed to a solitary sex one. Generally it presents the perspective of develop and mindful ex-students, particularly of the individuals who have gone to schools of the two kinds and can think back and look at their encounters in the two schools. Their origination of order won't just be that of students, since they are largely figuring out how to educate in schools themselves, and their perspectives will absolutely be shaded by what they as starting instructors consider to be acceptable control. (Dale, 156,616) Research showed that more educators leave instructing in view of control issues than some other reasons. Losing great educators is a major issue for all schools, be they open or private. An irksome understudy can cause numerous a decent educator lost rest and exacerbation. Instructors enter the showing field since they are keen on educating not grappling with understudies who consistently disturb study hall time. School heads should be a steady apparatus of educators in their study hall the board schedules and practices. Helping educators to have great study hall the board rehearses has become a significant piece of the school drill sergeant's job. Disciplinary Traditions It is hard to make speculations regarding the contrasting models of order applied inside schools all through the world. Taking an exceptionally wide point of view, it could be contended that order models mirror the manner in which a general public considers training to be meeting either group or individual needs. For instance, in china there has been a convention that kid ought to be associated as right on time as conceivable to affirm the social desires. This implied in China, in addition to the fact that attendance was mandatory so was accomplishment. Disciplinary practices have been embraced in a collectivist soul with the goal of shaping â€Å"good† practices. In nations, for example, China and India there are solid masculinist conventions in the instructor understudy relationship, but this field of research, school control and sexual orientation, is still to be completely evolved. (Kramarae, Spender, 395) As Treatment to control or Punish The term discipline is generally identified with some sort of affliction or inference. To be reasonable, individuals must concede that discipline exists in light of the desires for society. This is especially evident in schools. At the point when understudies get into mischief, grown-ups anticipate that them should be rebuffed. The level of discipline may rely upon the network where the school is found. For instance, in the southern piece of the country, whipping is substantially more satisfactory than in different parts. In 1993, there were 613,514 cases of rowing reports in United Stated. A large portion of those rowing cases happened in southern states. Beating is as yet legitimate in 26 states. Whipping may not exclusively be acknowledged yet expected in Deep South, yet in Rhode Island, overseers can lose their accreditations in the event that they strike an understudy in any way, shape or form. (Rosen, 5) End â€Å"Discipline isn't the specialty of fulfilling and rebuffing, of causing understudy's to talk and be quiet; it is the craft of causing them to perform, in the most fitting, simple, and helpful way, all the obligations of the school. † The meaning of â€Å"school discipline,† by the Conference Society of Capelian, is clearly excessively expansive. â€Å"The grade school should, by the soul managing inside, and by its guidance, so to work upon the kids that they will get an arrangement, adjustment to their ages and limits, for fleeting and unceasing life. † (Sabin, 181)

Book Review 4 Practice Tests for the TOEFL (2019-2020) by Kaplan

Book Review 4 Practice Tests for the TOEFL (2019-2020) by Kaplan Note: I only review the speaking and writing parts of TOEFL books, since that is what I am most familiar with.My Overall Grade for 4 Practice Tests for the TOEFL: F-This is the worst TOEFL textbook I have ever seen. It is bad. It is very bad. It is surprisingly bad, since it just a collection of tests. There are no lessons here to mess up just tests. And Kaplan sure did mess up those tests.All of the sample integrated writing questions are terrible. The real test uses a mirror format, which you can read about in my guide to that task. Basically, the reading presents three points and the lecture casts doubt on those three points. It directly casts doubt on those three specific points, and does so in the same order as they are presented in in the reading. Kaplan, basically, doesnt follow this pattern, making the practice questions totally useless. I just dont understand how Kaplan could mess this up so badly. The TOEFL hasnt changed in 14 years. Didnt they notice the patter n? The questions in this book have a superficial similarity, but superficial isnt good enough. Who the heck wrote this book?The integrated speaking questions are just as bad. A few of them are actually close to the real test, but they seem to have achieved accuracy just by chance. Most of them are garbage.Here is the prompt at the end of question five in test two (page 57):The woman tried to persuade the man to do something. Say what she tries to persuade him to do and explain the reasons she gives.What the heck? There has never been anything like that on the test!Heres the prompt that goes with question four in test 3 (page 86):The professor talks about the results of wolves being brought back to Yellowstone National Park. Explain what those results are and how those results are contrary to what people living near the park expected.Huh?Meanwhile, that strange persuade prompt pops up again on test four, but this time as part of a task 3 question (page 113).I could go on and on and on. This book is garbage. I havent even mentioned the printing errors, and the problems I had trying to use Kaplans online registration to access the audio files (the book doesnt come with a CD). Avoid this like the plague.If one of the authors of this book (Sumi Aktar, Kim Bowers, Matthew Callan, Louise Cook, Scarlet Edmonds, Joanna Graham, Brian Holmes, Nimesh Shah) happens to read this review please send me an email. I would love to hear about the messed up editorial process that produced this monstrosity. I know it isnt your fault just tell me what happened!

Roadmap Presentation Example

Producing a peculiar product or developing a project necessarily requires a sufficient amount of planning, that certainly is where a roadmap presentation example would come in handy. Students, engineers, developers, marketing specialists, scientists, and numerous other professions that involve a reasonable amount of creativity, all include the act of presenting a plan of future action. Whether it concerns a new product, scholar research, lab experiment, construction work, or, perhaps, a change of corporate strategy, a roadmap presentation example is a key asset of defining the necessary steps to ensure the project’s successful execution The first and foremost important aspect that would be crucial for the author to realize is the definition of a roadmap and how it differs from a regular project presentation. A roadmap is a simple, usually illustrated, presentation of a project. A roadmap is designed to define the key goal of the projects and the means to reach it. It resembles the key steps that should be taken in order to achieve that set goal. However, unlike a regular project presentation or proposal, a roadmap is not oversaturated with statistical data and redundant information. A roadmap should focus on the primary goal and its objectives, no more no less. It should be a laconic representation of the author’s vision on how to achieve success in the task at hand. To get started, the author should, first of all, decide what is the main objective of the project. It is a crucial step since the rest of the roadmap is based on it. The main objective is set as the endpoint of the roadmap. Once that primary objective is defined, it would be reasonable for the author to develop an outline that would feature the steps that would consequentially lead to this goal. These elements can be supported by illustrations and charts designed in particular presentation software such as PowerPoint. Nevertheless, the main characteristics of an effective roadmap presentation are: the ability to communicate the main goal and objectives of the project; to catch the attention of the audience in order to raise interest in the topic and gather support; to communicate the plans and steps among all participants of the project;An example of such a roadmap is provided below. The Ninno Video Game Console Roadmap Project Goal To expand the consumer base of the Ninno Video Game Console. Objectives release the new video game console by the end of the year; promote the console as a means of digital entertainment; establish a new and existing way to play; ensure the choice of portability; provide a wide range of different games; increase affordability; conduct effective marketing to bring the message to the customer. Summary The Ninno company has provided an exclusive video game experience for some time, however, now the company wishes to expand its target audience by catching the interest even of those who are not regular gamers by provided interesting games at a fair price and flexibility for everyone.

An Analysis of H.G. Wells’ Short Stories “Mr Skelmersdale...

Linkà ¶ping University Department of Culture and Communication English I Have Dreamed a Dream†¦ An Analysis of H.G. Wells’ Short Stories â€Å"Mr Skelmersdale in Fairyland†, â€Å"The Door in the Wall† and â€Å"A Dream of Armageddon† Lars Wallner C Course: Literary Specialisation Autumn, 2008 Supervisor: Helena Granlund â€Å"I have dreamed a dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lars Wallner, Autumn 2008 Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 1: Failing to Recognise What Is Right in Front of You..............................5 Chapter 2: Knocking on Heaven’s Door.................................................................. 12 Chapter 3: The Beauty of the Dream and the†¦show more content†¦This essay consists of three chapters: chapters one and two deal with â€Å"Mr Skelmersdale in Fairyland† and â€Å"The Door in the Wall† respectively, not following the chronology of their writing. The last chapter deals with â€Å"A Dream of Armageddon† which is the most different and complex story. Much has been written about the immense productions of H.G. Wells. Multitudes of famous writers and critics have had their say about the novels and short stories, and even Wells himself has commented on his own work in letters and diaries. However, these three stories h ave for some reason been neglected by many critics, and not much has been written about them. Richard Borden and Laura Scuriatti are two among the very limited number of critics who have made an effort to analyse â€Å"The Door in the Wall† and â€Å"A Dream of Armageddon† and what these critics mostly consider is the person H.G. Wells; his political views as well as his personal life, and how this appears in the stories. Some of these interpretations also suggest psychological, mostly psychoanalytical, readings of the texts, something that has been taken into account in this essay but not to any great extent. More than anything, these critics make superficial comments on the stories, and not much more. For â€Å"Mr Skelmersdale in Fairyland†, however, it was difficult, even after considerable effort, to

Isolation of Bacteria Free Essays

Different types of bacteria in various forms are found all around us, and it is a microbiologist’s job to be able to identify these bacteria. Using various staining techniques and physiological tests, an isolated bacterium can be identified. In this experiment, a single bacterial colony was isolated form Mycorrhizal spores, and further tests done on that colony. We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation of Bacteria or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sub culturing was done after each week to ensure that the bacterium has sufficient nutrients required for optimum growth that will last the duration of the entire experiment. A flow chart was created based on the results of the physiological tests in order to identify the isolated bacterium. After 4 weeks, the isolated bacterium was identified as XXXXX for reasons stated in the results and discussion. The main goal of this experiment was to identify the isolated bacterium that was obtained from Mycorrhizal spores. In order to identify the bacterium, the experiment was conducted in 4 parts: (a) isolation of an unknown bacterium from soil; (b) identification of the bacterium using various staining techniques; (c) determining the motility of the bacterium; and (d) determining the physiological characteristics of the bacterium. Part (a) of the experiment involves isolating a single bacterial colony from the culture. The remaining 3 parts will be conducted on that colony. In part (b), it is shown that various staining techniques test for different characteristics. As the name suggests, a gram stain is conducted to identify the bacteria as gram negative or gram positive. Two other stains were carried out. To determine the motility of the bacterium, wet mounts of the bacterium were observed and the motility was confirmed by using soft agar plates and soft agar deeps for part (c). The physiological characteristics were identified in part (d). Some of these tests include growth temperatures and salt tolerance, degradation of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids, oxygen requirements etc. Based on the results for the above, the unknown bacterium can be identified by comparing it to cultures in the Bergey’s manual. A flow chart can be drawn up to correctly identify the bacterium by using the physiological test results. How to cite Isolation of Bacteria, Essay examples

To Live Would Be an Awfully Big Adventure free essay sample

â€Å"I suppose its like the ticking crocodile, isnt it? Time is chasing after all of us.† Clocks and watches, J.M. Barrie tells us we’re obsessed with time. Sometimes we take time and many blessings for granted. Peter Pan was a childhood hero; I too wanted to have adventures, to never die and to never grow up. As I’ve matured, I’ve found treasures; experiences that teach more than any textbook can. Years ago, I traveled to the Philippines. It was astonishingly different to be in a third world country. To us they have nothing. They’re sick, poor and homeless. Kids and adults knock on people’s windshields asking for coins. Children work to feed themselves and their families. A little girl asked for my empty bottle to get money from recycling. These people cherish every second because they have to. It was unsettling to think that here I am, so fortunate; when there are so many I could share my wealth with. We will write a custom essay sample on To Live Would Be an Awfully Big Adventure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But I found that they had their own share of wealth. In reality these people were incredibly happy. Their eyes smiled despite poor conditions. That twinkle in their eye, their hope, was my second star to the right. To see that they were content, satisfied even, to have what they did, was humbling. My parents always expected I’d become a nurse and follow in their footsteps; all my life I said no, it takes too long, it’s too much work. After visiting the Philippines I came to see things differently. Now I know that Peter Pan wasn’t the hero. It was Wendy all along. Wendy started off young and green, but she was the one that led them home to take care of the lost boys. She grew up to make her family happy, all the while keeping the knowledge and heart of a child that still believed in Peter Pan. Now I stand where Wendy had and embark on the same path. I choose nursing so that not only will I be helping people in need, I’ll be a Wendy in patients’ lives, part of their journey, their adventure. Who says nurses aren’t adventurers? When I grow up I’ll raise my own family. I hope one day my children pick the right paths, that they be little Peter Pans, but grow up to be beautiful Wendys. Life is an adventure. It’s what one takes from their adventures that count. Peter was mistaken. Growing up is the biggest adventure of all. It takes more than faith, trust and pixie dust. The joy of growing up is watching others’ bliss, to be a part of their adventure, to keep learning, or loving or just living. Growing up doesn’t mean losing time; it means gaining knowledge, courage and sweet memories. The beauty of youth is that it is never really lost; there are always new things to discover. Clocks tick on, crocodiles will chomp, I’ll walk in my big girl shoes and sleep soundly with the nightlight still on.

Edward Fields Poem Icarus Essays

Edward Fields Poem Icarus Essays Edward Fields Poem Icarus Paper Edward Fields Poem Icarus Paper Icarus Based on the Greek myth of Daedalus and Icarus, Edward Fields poem Icarus has developed modernity from the time of the ancient Greece. Field developed this modernity by using literary devices so that the reader would have a broader understanding on Icarus. In the beginning of the poem, Field uses irony when the police dont suspect anything more than the usual drowning because in reality Icarus had swum away. Fields use of diction also puts the story into contemporary setting because when he mengiving that the witnesses had ran off to gang war he is iving the reader twentieth century examples because police and gangs did not exist during Greek time. In the second stanza Juxtaposition occurs when Icarus goes from being defiant in his times to nice Mr. Hicks in modernity. An allusion is then being made when Field says that the neighbors would never dream that that gray, respectable suit concealed arms that controlled huge wings meaning that the gray respectable suit type look made Icarus blend with all the other boring people and his concealed rms are not arms used in gang wars but those with which he attempted flight. However no one would ever expect this from him because he is living an everyday life that any other ordinary person would live. As you move on to the third stanza Field is finally able to adapt the story of Icarus to the modern world by using wings as a symbol. In the beginning of Icarus his arms had controlled huge wings and it then moves to him construct[ing] small wings and [trying] to fly but fails. The shift from Icarus having huge wings to the infirmity of his small wings shows how Icarus has fallen from greatness. His eyes had once compelled the sun and now his largest goal is to reach the light fixture on the ceiling. This comparison symbolizes the high expectations he once had for himself and how they are now lowered and yet still unobtainable. These symbols helped Field modernize this classic story by giving Icarus problems that relate to the audience. Instead of flying as high as the sun we are often limited and fail. This shows that even the best of us fall from our highest points and sometimes when we o fail it could be because we dont follow instructions properly and instead take these crazy risks, At the end of the poem in the last stanza, Field uses contrast and comes to the conclusion that Icarus would have been much more satisfied if he would have died. Icarus had thought of himself as a hero and dreamt of The tragic hero fall but now rides commuter trains, [and] serves various committees With this being said it is obvious that Icarus has failed himself and this is clear to the audience when he wishes he would have drowned iccarus By marissannram

Best ACT Math Practice Tests How to Find and Use Them

Best ACT Math Practice Tests How to Find and Use Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Whatever your ACT Math prep plan, whether you’re doing self-study, a class, or working with a tutor, you need to be working with real ACT Math practice materials. The ACT Math test will be unlike any other Math test you’ve taken. You need to work with the real material to get used to the pacing and style of this unique test. In this short guide, I’ll let you know where to find free and paid official ACT Math practice tests. Best ACT Math Practice - Free and Official These tests are totally free. We've gathered together all of them in one place for your convenience. ACT Math Free Online Sample Test This test format can be a little clunky to use, but it's convenient and online. Answer all choices on the page. Then, click answer at the bottom to see the answers to the question. Once you’ve checked your answers, you’ll be able to move on to the next page.There are 12 questions per page with five pages for a total of 60 questions (just like the real ACT Math section which has 60 questions). To keep the timing realistic, I recommend that you give yourself 12 minutes per page (which is 1 minute per question) since you get 60 minutes for 60 questions on the actual ACT Math section. Take as much time as you need to check your answers on the given page. Then, move on to the next page and give yourself another 12 minutes. PDFs: ACT Practice Test 2015-2016 (Form 72CPRE):Math Section Pages 24-31, Answers Page 57 ACT Practice Test 2014-15 (Form 67C):Math Section Pages 24-31, Answers Page 56 ACT Practice Test 20-12 (Form 64E):Math Section Pages 26-33, Answers Page 61 ACT Practice Test 2008-09 (Form 61C):Math Section Pages 26-33, Answers Page 61 ACT Practice Test 2005-06 (Form 59F):Math Section Pages 26-33, Answers Page 61 You might notice a few years are missing, and that's because the ACT duplicates the same test in different years. For example, the 2013-14 test is identical to the 2014-15 test. We've included the Form ID with each test so that you can check this for yourself (you can see the Form ID in the bottom left of each page on the test). Best ACT Math Practice - Paid and Official While studying for the ACT Math section, you’ll want more than six official ACT practice tests.I highly recommend The Real ACT 3rd Edition. The book only costs about $20, and it’s got five official Math practice tests. The book is written by the makers of the ACT, so it’s the real deal.Don't both buying Kaplan or Princeton Review for practice tests - their quality is far inferior to the tests put out by the ACT. If you want to get in a couple more practice ACT Math tests, I also recommend the ACT Online Program, though it’s less cost effective at $25 for two extra practice tests.It also includes an online prep program, but it’s not good. If you make the purchase, just do it the practice tests, if you need it. The ACT Math practice possibilities are (near) endless! Other ACT Math Materials In general, I recommend against using any ACT Math practice tests that were not written by the ACT as theywon’t providerealistic practice.You want to use real practice materials so that you ensure you’re taking tests that reflect the actual content and difficulty of the real ACT. If you take practices tests made by other companies, they may be more or less difficult and may not include all of the content on the real ACT.However,unofficial tests can be a great way to practicemath skills if not trying to practiceACT-style questions. ACTMath, more than any other section, is based on knowing the math content, so having plenty of materials to practice the different math skills required is important and bad formatting doesn't matter as much. Check out our massive collection of ACTstudy material for some official and unofficial tests. If you still want more ACT study material, check out our guide to the best ACT prep books. How to Use These ACT Math Practice Tests in Your Prep Even if you purchase all of the real ACT Math practice tests, you will only have 13, and each one of these tests will take you an hour, so you want to make sure you get the most out of each one. Here are my top three tips to best use your ACT Math practice tests: Tip #1:Take Math Practice Tests Under Realistic Conditions Take the math section in one sitting with accurate timing. Use a watch to time the one-hour math section. Sit for the full hour! It’s not that long! You need to sit for the full test so that you get used to the timing and learn to pace yourself. You only get 60 minutes for 60 questions. The questions progress from easy to hard.You’ll need to work on spending less thana minute per question on the first part of the ACT Math section so that you have a little more than a minute per question to answer the harder questions at the end of the Math section. Do not give yourself any extra time.This can allow you to do extra questions and improve your score. We want to use these practice tests as reliable indicators of your real score so stick to the real timing. NOTE: realistic practice means obeying all of the rules of the test. You're only allowed to have your calculator for the math section. You should not have your phone out. You should be using a pencil. Read our full guide to realistic practice. Tip #2: Review Your Mistakes When you finish your Math practice tests, score your Math test.Look at every mistake you made and try to figure out where you went wrong.If you skip this step, you're not going to learn from your mistakes, and you'll continue making them over and over again. I recommend spending at least 30 minutes to an hour reviewing your ACT math test.It may seem like a lot of time, but it’s necessary to take this time so that you learn from your mistakes.It’s better for you to take three ACT Math practice tests with detailed review than six with no review. Think quality over quantity! Tip #3: Supplement With Skill Work There are some students who can see improvement in ACT math by just taking practice tests and familiarizing themselves with the pace and style, but that is rare. The majority ofstudents need to do a more in-depth review of math skillsthat they might have forgotten, never learned, or never quite mastered. If you find you're not improving on your practice tests, I recommend that you look atour individual Math content guides. These articles tacklespecific math subject areas (i.e. Linear Equations, Trigonometry, etc.) that you need to know to succeed on the ACT Math section. When you review your first practice test, figure out the reason you got each math question wrong:was it due to misreading a question? Or not knowing the content?If you didn't know the content necessary tosolve the question, then you need to review that content! Tip #4: Get Additional Help If You Need It! If you’re not improving your score, you should supplement the practice tests with extra prep work, either a tutor, class, book (such as the ones linked to above) or a program.While some students may be able to learn from their mistakes on practice tests, the majority need additional guidance to point out their weaknesses and to help them improve. However, a good prep program should be personalized to your needs, focusing on your area of weakness while not wasting your time covering topics that you’ve already mastered. What’s Next? Now that you know where to find ACT Math practice tests, you might want to take a look at our ACT math guides to help you study any individual ACT math topic from ratios to rotations, points to probabilities;we've got you covered. Stuck on an ACT math problem? Whether you're stuck on a study guide, a practice test, or you're worried about getting stuck on test day, don't sweat it. We'll show you how to figure out when you're really stuck and what to do about it. Need more help with ACT Math? We've compiled the best ACT Math guides into one ultimate ACT math study guide. No more searching for ACT math tips and resources- they're available here. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Leadership - Essay Example Moreover, good leadership engenders the quality of inspiration over coercion; choosing to allow for the possibility of trailblazing new ideas rather than merely following a prescriptive playbook of actions based upon needs. Further, leadership, although prized and likely a commodity that is lacking within the current professional and political world, is not often appreciated within many of the largest multinational corporations throughout the world. This is of course due to the fact that oftentimes management is expected to be carried out utilizing a rather formulaic approach that does not rely upon the leadership capacity or imagination of the individual. However, leadership itself entails a great deal more than mere direction. Corollary parts of trust, belief, and mutual understanding between people are necessary components that cannot and should not be diminished. With respect to what leadership means to me, the answer to this deviates slightly from the textbook definition of what defines leadership. In this way, leadership must engender a great deal of selflessness, tacit yet clearly discernible levels of trust, and the continual dedication to considering the needs of those under your supervision prior to your own needs (Mutalib & Ghani, 2013). As a function of defining and understanding these nuanced concepts to a greater degree, the following analysis will focus upon understanding the following quote: â€Å"A leader’s true test is his or her ability to inspire behavioural changes required to transform organizational performance throughout the ranks† (Caldwell et al., 2012). This will in turn be analyzed leveraging an appreciation for the many schools of management theory that have existed and been promoted throughout the years; attempting to gain a level of oversight with regards to how leadership is viewed as a transformational process through which greater degrees of cohesion and increasing levels of utility/profitability can be engaged. B efore delving into the step-by-step discussion of how the different management theories relate to an interpretation of leadership within the current model, it must be understood that leadership and management are two distinctly interconnected concepts. Whereas management refers to the actual process of accomplishing tasks, focusing resources, and mitigating risks, leadership engenders a more nuanced and personal understanding of how a given individual can encourage cooperation and respect within the employees/stakeholders in question (Mayer et al., 2012). By much the same token, management has a number of roles and functions whereas leadership is not judged by easily quantifiable metrics. For instance, management roles and functions can include, but are not limited to, decision-making, problem-solving, motivation, influencing, negotiating, delegation, and communication. This is not meant to state that leadership does not engender many of the same requirements. However, leadership is something that should not be understood to exist wholly separate from the management process. Rather, the two, in an ideal interpretation and application, must exist side-by-side as a means of providing the best overall product and experience to all individuals involved within the process (Muethel et al., 2012). In such a way, one of the best means of measuring effective leadership is to seek to engage with effective management and ensure that these determinants are met first and foremost. Only once effective management is realized, can true leadership tickets form. This is not to state that leadership must follow managerial process and/or theory 100% of the time. Rather, past instances have proven that many times there is a market deviation from standard managerial protocol and the

Development in Oil and Gas Retail Industries Essay

Development in Oil and Gas Retail Industries - Essay Example 53 percent of energy European Union consumes comes from its imports that have affected trade balance of because of high imports of fossil fuel (Daly, 2014). Therefore, the union look forwards for reduction in energy dependency in order to enhance energy security, reduce the import bills and affordable energy, to ensure consistency to meet climate and industrial objectives for 2050 (Schweitzer, 2014). The main objective of the European Union is to reduce the dependency of the energy, improve energy security and power system. Russia has been of the major supplier of energy to European Union over the past decades. One-third of the gas demands of European Union are being delivered by Russia. In the EU-Russian Summit heal on 2000; the energy was one of the prominent aspects that were chosen to be a potential lead for the integration of the bilateral relationship (Ehrlich, 2013). The economic and industrial coronation between different nations including European Union has significantly developed through these years. However, the thousands of Russian companies are developing and have created interdependency of energy supply for European Union. Agreement on the global climate and energy targets has emerged to be one of the significant elements in globalization that has to be effectively addressed. Recently, at the European Summit that held on March 20th the government leader were suppose to agree with the climate and energy target of 2030 (Tindale, 2014). However, they discussed more about the energy dependency on Russia, Ukraine and Crimea. The Russian Annexation of Crimea has emerged to be one of the debatable issues in the current political meetings. It is because the high dependency of Europe on Russian Energy that has to be effectively addressed (Tindale, 2014). Russian is one on of the largest supplier of gas to European Union due to

Why Terrorism Should Be a Global Concern Essay -- essays research pape

The war on terror is at the peak and there are vivid indications that every stone will be turned to halt it. A central assumption is that terrorism is a religious war, apparently between Christians and the Muslims. This is just a moral claim that terrorists are using to attract more people over to their side, as well as create solidarity among the Muslims. As a result, the imagery and the reality of terrorism differ overwhelmingly. There are various terror occurrences around the globe that are similar and can be classified as terrorism. Otherwise, terrorism has been a means to carry on a conflict without the antagonist realizing the nature of the threat, mistaking terrorism for criminal activity. Terrorism should be a global concern because it is fast spreading around the globe raising terror. It has been facilitated by the use of religion as a justification for terrorist activities, proliferation of local terrorist groups, and political instability among and within various world wid e nations. In spite of terrorism apparent proliferation around the globe, some people may maintain that it should not be a global concern. It is important to realize that terrorism has not affected all nations in the world. Therefore, some people might argue that it does not warranty global concern. Don Van Natta, Jr. A columnist for the New York Times and Name 2 writer of the article â€Å"A World Made More Dangerous as Terrorism Spreads† scrutinizes wrote in his article activity in the world and identifies the countries that are involved. Natta Jr finds out that there is terrorist activity in every continent but only a few and specific countries are involved (Natta Jr 340). Hence, terrorist involvement accounts for only a small percentage of the c... ...understanding these root causes of the problem as the first step towards ending the war. Then, uniting the whole world under one course for peace love and unity will be the greatest war against terrorism. Works cited Crusious, Timothy W. and Carolyn E. Channel. Aims of Argument. 5th ed. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 2006. Philip Jenkins. â€Å"Why Terrorism?† Images of Terror: What we can and can’t know about Terrorism 2003. Crusious and Channel 320-325. Rohan Gunaratna. â€Å"The Al Qaeda Threat and the International Response† Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror 2002. Crusious and Channel 326-339. Don Van Natta Jr. â€Å"A World Made More Dangerous as Terrorism Spreads† The New York Times April 2004. Crusious and Channel 339-342. Yonah Alexender. â€Å"Terrorism in The Name of God† World and I October 20002. Crusious and Channel 360-365. Why Terrorism Should Be a Global Concern Essay -- essays research pape The war on terror is at the peak and there are vivid indications that every stone will be turned to halt it. A central assumption is that terrorism is a religious war, apparently between Christians and the Muslims. This is just a moral claim that terrorists are using to attract more people over to their side, as well as create solidarity among the Muslims. As a result, the imagery and the reality of terrorism differ overwhelmingly. There are various terror occurrences around the globe that are similar and can be classified as terrorism. Otherwise, terrorism has been a means to carry on a conflict without the antagonist realizing the nature of the threat, mistaking terrorism for criminal activity. Terrorism should be a global concern because it is fast spreading around the globe raising terror. It has been facilitated by the use of religion as a justification for terrorist activities, proliferation of local terrorist groups, and political instability among and within various world wid e nations. In spite of terrorism apparent proliferation around the globe, some people may maintain that it should not be a global concern. It is important to realize that terrorism has not affected all nations in the world. Therefore, some people might argue that it does not warranty global concern. Don Van Natta, Jr. A columnist for the New York Times and Name 2 writer of the article â€Å"A World Made More Dangerous as Terrorism Spreads† scrutinizes wrote in his article activity in the world and identifies the countries that are involved. Natta Jr finds out that there is terrorist activity in every continent but only a few and specific countries are involved (Natta Jr 340). Hence, terrorist involvement accounts for only a small percentage of the c... ...understanding these root causes of the problem as the first step towards ending the war. Then, uniting the whole world under one course for peace love and unity will be the greatest war against terrorism. Works cited Crusious, Timothy W. and Carolyn E. Channel. Aims of Argument. 5th ed. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 2006. Philip Jenkins. â€Å"Why Terrorism?† Images of Terror: What we can and can’t know about Terrorism 2003. Crusious and Channel 320-325. Rohan Gunaratna. â€Å"The Al Qaeda Threat and the International Response† Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror 2002. Crusious and Channel 326-339. Don Van Natta Jr. â€Å"A World Made More Dangerous as Terrorism Spreads† The New York Times April 2004. Crusious and Channel 339-342. Yonah Alexender. â€Å"Terrorism in The Name of God† World and I October 20002. Crusious and Channel 360-365.

Of mice and men help Essay

   Men’s view of women The working men’s view of women is like to buy women like they buy a drink so even women did not have proper rights just like Crooks, men would not think of having a proper relationship with women although Curley did have a wife he also used to go out with the other men into town and so there is a possibility that he may have spent a night in a whore house with other women. In the novel Steinbeck did not give Curley’s wife a real name as all the workers referred to her as a ‘whore’, ‘slut’ or simply ‘Curley’s wife’. This shows and adds to how women were treated and seen as in society by men for the reason that they are more dominant. How they spend their time The men have their free time on a Saturday night into the town, the men can go to ‘whore houses’, have a horseshoe tournament and gamble money. They would spend some money on drinks and play card games, solitaire and read magazines. They would allow Crooks to play with them and join in so that he was not completely considered an outcast but they still made fun of him so Crooks spends most of his free time reading ‘books’ as this is the only way he is not discriminated and so he dreams of a being seen as an equal to everyone else, he knows his civil rights and he also remembers childhood when he played with the white children who came up to his family’s chicken ranch plus longs for a similar relationship with white people again. Most of the other workers dream about a life that they don’t have for example George and Lennie, they dream of owning a ‘little patch of land’. Prejudice In the novel ‘of mice and men’ prejudice plays a big part and it is shared among some of the characters like Candy, Crooks and Lennie and they were also considered as outcasts these all have some kind of disability also their positions were low in the ranch. Candy was considered an outcast in position to his job because of his hand cut of by a machine so he can not work therefore he is considered an outcast, in addition he is old so he different from other hands. Crooks is disabled because he was ‘kicked’ in the back by a horse and as a result became a cripple on top this he was black so he was racially abused as well, he was mostly abused by the boss because he seems to take it out on him. This was because the boss knew that he could not do anything for example he ‘gave the stable buck hell’ because George and Lennie were late arriving to the ranch so he took his anger out on Crooks and so Crooks could not fight for his rights. Lennie is retarded and his mind is the age of a young child, as children like to stoke soft things Lennie likes to ‘stroke’ mice because they are soft and he likes to pet them. Lennie has no physical disability so he can go out and work with the rest of the workers and to the advantage of his strong body he can ‘buck barley’ very fast in addition he can follow instructions very well. Loneliness Loneliness affects many of the characters, and Steinbeck seems to show that it is a natural and inevitable result of the life they are forced to follow. Steinbeck shows that the workers are caught in a trap of loneliness and they never seem to say in one place to form a permanent relationship or even think of one. Even if they did have one then it would be likely that the relationship would not stay together or even have problems by the demands of the workers life. Candy is lonely because of his old age and the only company he has is his old dog and this reminds him of the days when he was young and whole. Candy has no relatives and once his dog is shot he is totally alone and he tries to get into George and Lennie’s dream of having a piece land. George is also caught in the trap of loneliness when he is forced to shoot his companion in the back of the head, like Candy and his dog George had Lennie (who is described as an animal) he is left lonely as well at the end of the novel. Another lonely character is Curleys Wife, she is newly married and in a new strange place. Curley forbade her to talk to anyone through his jealousy and so she countered it by approaching workers to ask were Curley is in door ways therefore the men regarded her as a ‘slut’ and that became her name other than Curley’s wife. Steinbeck never gave Curleys Wife a name. Finally loneliness leads to her death as she tries to overcome Curley’s instructions by letting Lennie feel her hair; consequently Curley is now left alone because he chose a wife which was totally inappropriate for his life that he leads in an attempt to overcome his loneliness. This is because all the workers despise him for his cowardice. Crooks is another who is isolated because he is different, he tries to cope with this by keeping a distance from the other workers and reading books as these are his only companions. Dreams In the novel Dreams is something that some characters use to combat with loneliness of their existence. The most obvious dream in the novel is George and Lennie’s dream farm, this dream is only shared by the two at first but then later spreads to Candy and Crooks. The American dream is what people used to think that in America there is a piece of land for everyone because of its vast lands, this gave people a sense of Independence and this is what made them go on and continue to tackle the harsh realities of life most people were likely to never achieve their dreams. This is revealed in the poem by Crooks ‘seems live ever guy got land in is head’. The reason why Lennie asks George to recite the descriptions of the farm is because it is an antidote to overcome his disappointment and loneliness. Curley’s wife is another who has dreams and they were to become a movie star and the life of luxury and fame, this comes to nothing when Lennie kills her. Conclusion In conclusion the title to this book tells you the about the novel in a few words. The title of this book is taken from an Irish poem by Alfred Burns; â€Å"The best laid plans of mice and men always go wrong†. Steinbeck has portrayed this in a correct way as the story deals with so many dreams from the characters point of view and so none of these were destined to come true anyway. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Critical Thinking Compare and Contrast Essay Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Both the authors are trying to promote the idea that the medical staff acted in unethical and lazy manner because even after seeing symptoms of Ebola, they allowed the patient to go home and they lack the motive to treat the patient. The authors believe that the patient could have survived if he would have been provided with proper treatment initially. One of the logical fallacies that the authors have followed is that of appeal to probability. The author states that since the patient was returning from Liberia, he might have been infected by the virus. It has not been clearly known whether African nations are the only nations that have experienced wide spread of Ebola virus. Stephenson states in a scholarly article that most of the cases of Ebola have been witnessed in African regions but the threat of cases emerging in US are even quite high (Stephenson, 2014). The evidence provided by the authors to hold the medical professionals responsible for the death of Duncan are quite effective. This is because the signs and symptoms that have been reported by Duncan on his first visit to the hospital provide a clear indication of Duncan experiencing Ebola virus. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Thinking: Compare and Contrast Essay or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now For example: the author states that the medical staff reports that Duncan was experiencing fever of 100.1 degrees, abdominal pain as well as headache and these symptoms within a time frame of two days and all these symptoms have been reported by Jamieson and other researchers in their scholarly article (Jamieson, 2014). It is not necessary that the death of Duncan was purely the laziness of the medical staff of the hospital he visited. There may be other reasons due to which the medical staff would have failed to diagnose Duncan at an earlier stage. For example: Duncan himself might have not clearly reported the signs and symptoms and the signs and symptoms of the patient might have been inconclusive to determine whether Duncan was actually infected with the virus or not. The statistics used by the author, Sack are descriptive in nature but n descriptive statistics have been used by Philipps in his article. Sack provides descriptive statistics on the claims made by the medical staff of the hospital that was visited by Duncan initially and Sack even provides the descriptive statistics that were reported in the health records of Duncan. For example: Duncan was experiencing fever of 100.1 on his initial visit. The most significant information that the authors have not focused upon is whether Duncan had provided the medical staff with the correct information or not.

Human Nature Illustrated in Arthur Millers The Crucible...

Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, focuses on the inconsistencies and injustice of the 1692 witch trials of Salem, Massachusetts. The restrictive Puritan society of Salem in the 17th century was based upon religious intolerance, where faith was demonstrated through physical labour and by strict adherence to religious doctrine. Material, physical and sexual desires were considered the Devil’s work and a threat to the very fabric of society. In summary, it is said that Puritanism discouraged individualism on all levels. The literal way in which the Bible was interpreted by the Puritans, provides a paradox within the play. This is because although the Bible says â€Å"thou shalt not kill,† the people of Salem are willing to sentence innocent†¦show more content†¦Thus, staying true to one’s self is the most virtuous act humanely possible. This response, through the exploration of the main themes of the play, truth and justice, in relation to the main character John Proctor, aims to prove that man, in no way, can ignore or isolate his responsibility or duty to establish truth and justice in the face of turmoil and sacrifice. The girls at the beginning of the play, avoided punishment by accusing others of the very things they were guilty of themselves. This desperate act of self-preservation resulted in the mass paranoia and atmosphere that gripped Salem for the continuance of the witch trials. By allowing audiences to see how dark desires and hidden agendas subsequentially drive people, Miller explores human motivation and the behaviour that results from it. Ironically, it is desire, sexual, material and physical desire that drives the people of Salem. For example, Abigail, full of desire for Proctor, seizes an opportunity to reverse fate and eliminate Elizabeth Proctor, by accusing her of witch craft. Elizabeth was the only person in Abigail’s eyes that was preventing her from marrying Proctor. In addition, Abigail’s status within the community is elevated and she gains power a young woman of her social status could have only dreamt of. Furthermore, the Putnam’s also seize the oppor tunity the witch trials create. Putnam has a hidden agenda, namely, land lust and his desire to elevate himself within theShow MoreRelatedThe Handmaids Tale And The Crucible1695 Words   |  7 PagesIs Resistance Futile? What do The Handmaid’s Tale and The Crucible suggest about the nature of resisting and rebelling against social order? Margaret Atwood’s, The Handmaid’s Tale, and Arthur Miller’s ,The Crucible, explore the consequences surrounding the nature of resisting and rebelling against social order. Resistance the refusal to accept or comply with something or to actively and passively fight against something. 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There’re many connection in The Crucible to be considered as an allegory due to similarities themes and how the characters are being portrayed. Miller does an excellent job of portraying numerals characters used fear for benefit and they showed selfishnessRead More Tragic Hero in The Crucible Essay2240 Words   |  9 PagesTragic Hero in The Crucible What is a tragic hero? The most well known definition of a tragic hero comes from the great philosopher, Aristotle. When depicting a tragic hero, Aristotle states The change in the heros fortunes be not from misery to happiness, but on the contrary, from happiness to misery, and the cause of it must not lie in any wickedness but in some great error on his part.† In addition, he explains the four essential qualities that a tragic hero should possess, which areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Last Of The Mohicans Essay1813 Words   |  8 Pagesexplains his reasoning’s for specific conditions to be carried out by all mankind; which is the persons, the works, the end, and the means. His writings inspired various novels like the â€Å"Scarlett Letter (1850)† by Nathaniel Hawthorne and Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible (1953)† which have popularized and perpetuated impressions often still occurring today. In order for John Winthrop to direct his ideas on how the Puritans should treat one another to help each other- and the colonies- survive the new hardshipsRead MoreHumanities Test4641 Words   |  19 PagesOedipus at Colonus: Despite the warning, Theseus agrees to help Oedipus. Theseus does in fact return with Oedipus’s daughters shortly. 17.   Which of these are least likely to be found in the theater of ancient Athens? (Violence never occurred but illustrated by a messenger or no female actors) 18.   Who was Thespis? Thespis is the semi-historical, 6thCentury B.C. inventor of acting 19. What is Medea and how does it end? Euripedes Medea opens in a state of conflict. Jason has abandoned his wife,Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesbeen changing the fundamental dimensions of business strategy and the meaning of its implementation. These changes affect a broad range of decisions, including the following: ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  How to invest in technology How to lead meaningful human resources initiatives How to maintain alliances successfully What the speed of new product or service development should be What the appropriate time horizons for investments and financial planning are How to implement productive cost reduction How

Stop And Frisk During The United States Essay - 1300 Words

Andrew Tabata Persuasive Speech CMM 100-07 Professor Watson October 26, 2016 Stop and Frisk Did you know that about 88 percent of all Stop and Frisk incidents result in finding the victim to be â€Å"clean† meaning ruled completely innocent without cause for an arrest? Remember this statistic and several others that I give you, because they are alarming. Currently, the Stop and Frisk situation in the United States seems to be at a crossroad. The Stop and Frisk practice originated during the 1950’s, when crime rates were at an all-time high within cities. The purpose of this practice was to help eliminate crime off the streets within these major inner cities. This practice was used by law enforcement during a time where racial segregation and racial tension began to build up; and a feud between black citizens and white law enforcement grew rapidly. Unfortunately, we still today live in a world where individuals often times find themselves in the middle of a â€Å"wrongdoing† in the eyes of the law enforcement. The results of these situations through hist ory have not always turned fatal, but recently it seems that the end result from these situations do so. How many of you are aware of the incident that occurred between Eric Garner, a 43-year-old black Staten Island male, and the New York Police Department (NYPD)? For those of you who are not, victim Eric Garner was approached by the NYPD under the suspicion of selling untaxed cigarettes. This led to a Stop and Frisk altercation betweenShow MoreRelatedStop And Frisk During The United States1894 Words   |  8 Pagesthe constitutional rights of its citizens. However the New York City aggressive program of Stop and Frisk have been widely criticized and considered unconstitutional. However, Stop and Frisk, per se is not unconstitutional unless people are being stopped illegally. 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Leadership and Performance Free Essays

CHAPTER ONE (1) INTRODUCTION 1. 1Background of the Study Globally, educating a nation remains the most vital strategy for the development of the society throughout the developing world (Aikaman Unterhalter, 2005). Many studies on human capital development concur that it is the human resources of a nation and not its capital or natural resources that ultimately determine the pace of its economic and social development. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Performance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since education is an investment, there is a significant positive correlation between education and economic-social productivity. When people are educated, their standards of living are likely to improve, since they are empowered to access productive ventures, which will ultimately lead to an improvement in their livelihoods. The role of education therefore, is not just to impart knowledge and skills that enable the beneficiaries to function as economies and social change agents in society, but also to impart values, ideas, attitudes and aspirations important for natural development. In spite of the government initiatives in improving access, equity and quality of education, the secondary sub-sector continues to face challenges, particularly the low participation rates, low transition rates from primary to secondary and from secondary to tertiary (particularly to universities), as well as gender and regional disparities. From the researches that have been conducted on the impact of the government efforts to improve access equity and quality on performance indicate that most public schools have a lot of wastage, very poor performance in national examinations and poor learner preparation to face the world after school. It has become alarming since the number of secondary school graduates from public day and boarding schools exit without entry grade to university is increasing day by day. This has increased crime rate, drug and substance abuse, immorality and cases of HIV and AIDS on the increase. It is, on this backdrop that the research endeavors to establish reasons why even when the Government has done so much to increase access, equity and quality to education still good performance remains for a few secondary chools (without the district) and many Kenyan children are still coming out of school with poor grades that can not help them move to the next level or get meaningful training. How can the problem be remedied and which adjustments need to be made. To this end, this proposed research will analyze the effect of management or leadership styles of the principal on the teachers and students performance. The theoretical framework adopted for this study is derived from the systems theory of orga nizations, which emerged as part of an intellectual ferment following the World War II, although its roots are much are much older. Its founder, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, was concerned about growing compartmentalization of knowledge and argued that certain general ideas could have relevance across broad spectrum of disciplines: that despite obvious differences among the many kinds of organizations, they share very general characteristics and that is important to discover what they are(Hong et al. , 2004). The systems theory cuts across all the four paradigms of management thoughts, for every organization that produces output in a system of some of sort (Katz Kahn, 1966). And an organization, including a school, regardless of its size and purpose, and the management perspective adopted not withstanding, basically concerned with relationships, structures and interdependence rather than just constant attributes (Katz Kahn, 1966). This study will be modeled on the postulates of systems theory because schools, like other organizations, are always in constant exchange with the larger society. Rosemary as cited in BPP (1999) defines management as ‘‘the art of getting things done through others’’ (p. 6). Fabunmi (2001), however, defines management ‘‘as the coordination of all the resources of an organization through the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling in order to attain organizational objectives’’ (p. 12). Resser (1973), on the other hand asserts that management is the utilization of physical and human resources through cooperative efforts, which is accomplished by performing th e functions of planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling. By management styles, I refer to, new leadership and management approaches in order to enhance efficiency and effectiveness. Improved efficiency is achieved through management reforms; raising the learner teacher ratio, increasing teachers’ time on task, reducing repetition and improving accountability (Nsubuga, 2003). Leadership at work in education institutions thus needs to be a dynamic process where an individual is not only responsible for the group’s tasks, but also actively seeks the collaboration and commitment of all the group members in achieving group goals in a particular context (Cole, 2002). Leadership in that context pursues effective performance in schools, because it does not only examine tasks to be accomplished and who executes them, but also seeks to include greater reinforcement characteristics like recognition, conditions of service and morale building, coercion and remuneration (Balunywa, 2000). It is this scenario that the researcher needs to establish whether it is practiced in Nyamira North District and if it is, what is its impact on the teacher and student performance This is also described by Sashkin and Sashkin (2003) as visionary leadership. However, according to them, the concept of leadership that matters is not being limited to those at the top of the organization such as the chief executive officer or principal/head teacher, but depends on certain characteristics of the leader. It involves much more than the leader’s personality in which leadership is seen as more of mutating followers to achieve goals (Shashkin, 2003:2). This is supported by Lav Tzu (as reported in Shashkin, 2003:7) that good leadership commits to doing less and being more. However, Cole (2002) defines leadership as inspiring people to perform. Even if an institution has all the financial resources to excel, it may fail dismally if the leadership does not motivate others to accomplish their tasks effectively. It is therefore this consideration that has made it necessary to determine the impact of the management or leadership styles on the teacher and learner performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District of Nyamira County. . 2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Although it is the Kenyan government’s policy to ensure the delivery of quality education in secondary schools in Kenya, performance, particularly in Nyamira North District has remained poor, despite the various interventions by policy makers and implementers. Such a situation is alarming, bearing in mind that secondary education play a pivotal role in the development of any country. Equally important, are the overarching policies of Kenya’s education, which strongly emphasize the importance of science education in attainment of vision 2030. Scholars, policy makers and school managers have resolved to address the poor academic performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District by conducting research on its would be antecedents such as a lack of instructional materials, ensuring quality teachers, admitting good students, remuneration and the motivation of teachers, improving discipline and community participation in schools. Nevertheless, all the above studied and recommendations implemented there is still poor academic performance in our public secondary schools which makes it necessary to make a study on the management or leadership styles adopted and the impact of them on teachers and students performance. Hence this study is intended to investigate the relationship of head teachers’ leadership or management style and the performance of secondary schools in Nyamira North District. It is deemed that an investigation in this area would shed light on the factors affecting performance and in particular the effect of leadership /management styles on school performance. 1. 3The purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to establish to what extent the leadership/management styles adopted by principals have influence on the teacher and school’s performance Nyamira North District, using cross – sectional survey design with the aim of examining how leadership styles adopted by school principals influence the schools overall performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District. Leadership styles will be characterized by behavioural tendencies, and characteristic methods of a person in a leadership position. An important dimension of leadership style is the extent to which the leader is willing to delegate responsibility and encourage input from followers. Another basic dimension is the extent to which a leader is task-motivated (concerned with defining goals and the means to achieve them) or relationship-motivated (concerned with supporting and encouraging subordinates). A distinction can also be drawn between the charismatic leader, who relies on his or her personal qualities to inspire followers, and the bureaucratic leader, who depends on his or her position in the hierarchy and an established set of rules and procedures. In particular the study will determine and describe the effects of the various leadership styles (the authoritarian or autocratic leader, democratic leader, transformational leader, situational or contingency and laissez-faire leader) adopted by principals on teachers and student performance. 1. 4Specific objectives The study will be guided by the following specific objectives: a)To establish the relationship between the demographic characteristics of principals and teachers and school performance. b)To establish whether performance in Nyamira North District secondary schools is dependent on the management or leadership styles c)To establish whether performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District is dependent on the autocratic leadership style, democratic leadership style, transformational leadership style, situational or contingency leadership style of school head teachers. )To elicit the viewpoints of head teachers, teachers and students on the preferred leadership styles. e)To make recommendations for the improvement of schools on the basis of an analysis of leadership styles. 1. 5Research Questions/Hypotheses The guiding questions will be: 1. What is the relationship between the demographic characteristics of principals and teachers and school performance? 2. What is the relations hip between management styles of principals and staff performance? A case study of secondary schools in Nyamira North District (Nyamira County). 3. Is the performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District dependent on the autocratic leadership style, democratic leadership style, transformational leadership style, situational or contingency leadership style of school principals? 4. What are the viewpoints of principals, teachers and students on the preferred leadership styles? 5. What recommendations can be made for the improvement of schools on the basis of an analysis of leadership styles? Hypotheses 1. The demographic characteristics of principals influence teachers’ and student academic performance 2. There is positive relationship between management styles of principals and staff, and student academic performance. 1. 6Significance of the study While some may still ascribe to the old adage that ‘leaders are born, not made’, there remains a societal responsibility to provide school leaders with the skills and practices needed to orchestrate schools in a way that can maximize sustained achievement for all students. The continued research on behaviors and practices of leaders (Fullan, 1985; Murphy Hallinger, 1992) remains important in the light of the changing role of the principal. The findings from the study would help to augment and enrich theories and principles on school leadership. It would also have a direct impact on the future training of school leaders and teacher leaders. Data generated from this study could serve as a practical framework for the Ministry of Education, or other training agents and higher institutions, to plan, organize and provide leadership-training program for school leaders and prospective leaders. The study could also be important for school leaders as the findings can help them take heed of their leadership behavior and become more sensitive to the process and importance of human interaction. The findings from this study may offer more insights and serve as a critical friend in academia, encouraging principals to reflect, break out of their traditional practices, raising consciousness, and questioning deeply entrenched assumptions. Hopefully, all principals would ultimately fulfill their leadership dream, and lead the schools in the direction as Bath (in Fullan, 1997) puts it, ‘you can lead where you will go. 1. 7Limitations and Delimitations of the Study This study will be concerned with effects of leadership or management styles on teacher and learners performance. It will be conducted in Nyamira North District (Nyamira County) between September 2011 and December 2011 using cross – sectional sample survey design and a sample of 25 secondary schools will be sele cted from 43 secondary schools in the district. Data will be collected by the researcher using questionnaires, interviews and document analysis techniques. The following are limitations of the proposed study. The study will include public secondary schools in Nyamira North District. Therefore, the results of this study may not be generalized to private schools. †¢It will not be possible to cover the opinions of parents and other stake holders in this district because tracing them will require considerable time, resources and other logistics Though only public secondary schools in Nyamira North District will be included in the study, nevertheless, Nyamira North is typical of many districts with regard to recent emphasis on school reform and school improvement projects. Therefore, the results of this study may apply to other, similar district of the county and Kenya at large. 1. 8Theoretical and conceptual frameworks The theoretical framework adopted for this study is derived from the systems theory of organizations developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy in the early 1950s. It emerged as part of an intellectual ferment following the World War II, although its roots are much are much older. The systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. A system can be looked at as having inputs (e. g. , resources such as raw materials, money, technologies, and people), processes (e. g. , planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling), outputs (products or services) and outcomes (e. g. , enhanced quality of life or productivity for customers/clients, productivity). Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the system. The systems theory is an alternative to the classical and neo – classical organizations theories which the researcher felt cannot suffice because of their emphasis on schools as fragmented and closed social units independent of external forces (Baker 1973). The only meaningful way to study an organization (school) is to regard it as a system. Thus schools should be managed more like organizations where educational programmes are innovated and re – innovated to realize the importance each part makes to the whole, and the necessity of eliminating the parts that make negative contributions. With the development of the various educational disciplines and departments, considerable overlap is inevitable among the different fields. The proliferation of specialization, as in many branches of education, also leads to further overlapping. Because of these interactions, schools are better studied as wholes rather than parts (Baker, 1973). Systems theory postulates that schools are like other on systems which of necessity engage in various modes of exchamge with the environment (Katz Kahn, 1966). The theory emphasizes the consideration of the relationships between the school and its environment as well as what goes on within the school (Hall, 1977). The systems theory is basically concerned with the problems of relationships, of structures and of interdependence, rather with the constant attributes of objects (Katz Kahn, 1966). The fundamental concept in the general systems theory is the notion of emergence and interaction. As adapted in this study the systems theory holds that management actions influence the internal efficiency of a school. That staffing and control of students’ admissions coordination of teaching and learning resources, school fees budgeting and leadership styles adopted in school influence the drop outs and repetition rates, and promotion rates and general climate in a school. In the application of the systems theory to this study on the effect of management/ leadership styles on teacher and student performance the variables will be identified as follows: 1. Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims (Koontz and Weihrich 1990, p. ). This basic definition means several things. First, as principals, carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Secondly, managing is concerned with productivity – this implies effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness and efficiency is the ability of the school to keep or reduce, to as low as po ssible, the dropout and repetition rates, increase completion and promotion rates and to produce high outcomes that is good academic performance and no wastage. It also ensures that students complete an educational cycle in the possible minimum time. 2. Thus, management refers to the development of bureaucracy that derives its importance from the need for strategic planning, co-ordination, directing and controlling of large and complex decision-making process. Essentially, therefore, management entails the acquisition of managerial competence, and effectiveness in the following key areas: problem solving, administration, human resource management, and school leadership. First and foremost, management is about solving problems that keep emerging all the time in the course of an organization (school) struggling to achieve its goals and objectives. Problem solving will be accompanied by problem identification, analysis and the implementation of remedies to managerial problems. Second, administration involves following laid down procedures (although procedures or rules should not be seen as ends in themselves) for the execution, control, communication, delegation and crisis management. Third, human resource management should be based on strategic integration of human resource, assessment of workers, and exchange of ideas between stakeholders, teachers and workers. Finally, school leadership should be developed along lines of interpersonal relationship, teamwork, self-motivation to perform, emotional strength and maturity to handle situations, personal integrity, and general management skills. However, in adopting the systems theory of organizations this study, the researcher is not ignorant of its shortcomings. The interrelationships among parts of a system have to be recognized and understood by ‘all’ people involved. This theory also requires a shared vision so that ‘all’ people in the school have an idea of what they are trying to accomplish. It requires a cohesive effort from all participants, a task that is not easy to achieve especially where ‘all’ is involved. Conceptual frame work In the conceptual framework depicted in the figure above the management or leadership style is hypothesized to influence the teachers and student performance. Management or leadership style is defined as having managerial competence and effectiveness in the following key areas: problem solving, administration, human resource management, and school leadership that is being able to carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling and teacher and student performance as early syllabus coverage motivated staff reporting to work early and leaving work place late, no school drop outs, no repletion cases, there is increased completion rates and good academic results in national examinations. The frame work postulates that managerial competence and effectiveness in leadership will affect the rate of drop outs, repetition, completion rates and academic performance of students in a school. However, this relationship may be modified by age, faith of the staff, background as well as families from which the staff comes from. Chapter Two (2) Literature review 2. 0Introduction This chapter discusses the literature related to the effect of management/leadership style on teachers and student performance. It particularly focuses on the relationship between the demographic characteristics of principals and teachers and school performance, establish whether performance in Nyamira North District secondary schools is dependent on the management or leadership styles, establish whether performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District is dependent on the autocratic leadership style, democratic leadership style, transformational leadership style and situational or contingency leadership style, elicit the viewpoints of head teachers, teachers and students on the preferred leadership styles and make recommendations for the improvement of schools on the basis of an analysis of leadership styles. These are considered the pillars of the study. In this chapter, the researcher reviews literature related to management/leadership styles and its effects on school performance. The review is conceptualized under the objectives and focuses mainly on autocratic leadership style, democratic leader ship style and situational or contingency leadership style and their relationship with teachers and students performance. 2. 0 Transformational leadership Bush (2003) links three leadership models to his ‘collegial’ management model. The first of these is ‘transformational leadership’. This form of leadership assumes that the central focus of leadership ought to be the commitments and capacities of organizational members. Higher levels of personal commitment to organizational goals and greater capacities for accomplishing those goals are assumed to result in extra effort and greater productivity. (Leithwood et al. 1999: 9). Leithwood (1994) conceptualizes transformational leadership along eight dimensions: †¢ Building school vision †¢ Establishing school goals †¢ providing intellectual stimulation †¢ Offering individualized support †¢ Modeling best practices and important organizational values †¢ Demonstrating high performance expectations †¢ Creating a productive school culture †¢ Developing structures to foster participation in school decisions. Caldwell and Spinks (1992: 49–50) argue that transformational leadership is essential for autonomous schools: ‘Transformational leaders succeed in gaining the commitment of followers to such a degree that higher levels of accomplishment become virtually a moral imperative. In our view a powerful capacity for transformational leadership is required for the successful transition to a system of self-managing schools. ’ Leithwood’s (1994) research suggests that there is some empirical support for the essentially normative transformational leadership model. He reports on seven quantitative studies and concludes that ‘transformational leadership practices, considered as a composite construct, had significant direct and indirect effects on progress with school-restructuring initiatives and teacher- perceived student outcomes’ (p. 506). The transformational model is comprehensive in that it provides a normative approach to school leadership, which focuses primarily on the process by which leaders seek to influence school outcomes rather than on the nature or direction of those outcomes. However, it may also be criticised as being a vehicle for control over teachers and more likely to be accepted by the leader than the led (Chirichello 1999). Allix (2000) goes further and alleges that transformational leadership has the potential to become ‘despotic’ because of its strong, heroic and charismatic features. He believes that the leader’s power ought to raise ‘moral qualms’ and serious doubts about its appropriateness for democratic organisations. Transformational leadership is consistent with the collegial model in that it assumes that leaders and staff have shared values and common interests. When it works well, it has the potential to engage all stakeholders in the achievement of educational objectives. The aims of leaders and followers coalesce to such an extent that it may be realistic to assume a harmonious relationship and a genuine convergence leading to agreed decisions. When ‘transformation’ is a cloak for imposing leaders’ or governments’ values, then the process is political rather than collegial. 2. 2 The situational or contingency leadership style The situational theory stipulates that leaders are the product of given situations. Thus, leadership is strongly affected by the situation from which the leader emerges and in which he operates. The contingency theory is a combination of the Trait Theory and Situational Theory. The theory implies that leadership is a process in which the ability of a leader to exercise influence depends upon the group task situation and the degree to which the leader’s personality fit the group (Sybil, 2000). 2. 3Autocratic leadership style The autocratic leadership style is also known as the authoritarian style of leadership. Power and decision-making reside in the autocratic leader. The autocratic leader directs group members on the way things should be done. The leader does not maintain clear channel of communication between him/her and the subordinates. He or she does not delegate authority nor permit subordinates to participate in policy-making (Smylie and Jack, 1990; Hoy and Miskel, 1992; Olaniyan, 1997). 2. 4Democratic style of leadership The democratic style of leadership emphasizes group and leader participation in the making of policies. Decisions about organizational matters are arrived at after consultation and communication with various people in the organization. The leader attempts as much as possible to make each individual feel that he is an important member of the organization. Communication is multidirectional while ideas are exchanged between employees and the leader (Heenan and Bennis, 1999). In this style of leadership, a high degree of staff morale is always enhanced (Mba, 2004). Performance Performance is described in various ways. It is an act of accomplishing or executing a given task (Okunola, 1990). It can also be described as the ability to combine skillfully the right behaviour towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives (Olaniyan, 1999). Teachers’ job performance is described as the duties performed by a teacher at a particular period in the school system in achieving organizational goals (Obilade, 1999). It can also be described as the ability of teachers to combine relevant inputs for the enhancement of teaching and learning processes (Akinyemi, 1993; Okeniyi, 1995). However, Peretemode (1996) argued that job performance is determined by the worker’s level of participation in the day to day running of the organization. It is noted that employees behave differently under different situations. 2. Summary It is underpinned by the view that leaders should have an entitlement to appropriate preparation and support for their important and onerous role in leading educational change. To appoint school principals without specific preparation is a gam ble, and we should not gamble with children’s education. The literature review tends to give reasons for the enhanced global interest in the role of school leaders. It assesses the differences among the various leadership/management styles, and argues that all are essential if schools and colleges are to thrive. It also emphasizes the evidence that effective leadership is critical to school improvement. While the importance of leadership/management style is increasingly recognized, much less is known about which leadership behaviours are most likely to promote successful schooling. The study will examine the various models of leadership and assess the evidence of their effectiveness. There is great interest in ‘instructional leadership’ because of the widespread view that the main function of schools is to promote student learning. Transformational leadership is widely advocated because of its potential to harness stakeholder support for the school’s (or leader’s) vision but there is some concern that this may be a vehicle for imposing leaders’, or governments’, priorities on teachers, pupils and communities. These and other models that have been highlighted above are subject to scrutiny in this study. 2. 6 Conclusions Principals’ can therefore encourage effective performance of their teachers by identifying their needs and trying to satisfying or meeting them. Supporting this argument, Owoeye (1999) asserted that variables of job performance such as effective teaching, lesson note preparation, effective use of scheme of work, effective supervision, monitoring of students’ work and disciplinary ability are virtues which teachers should uphold effectively in the school system. In this regard, the teachers’ performance can be measured through annual report of his/her activities in terms of performance in teaching, lesson preparation, lesson presentation, mastery of subject matter, competence, teachers’ commitment to job and extra-curricula activities. Other areas of assessment include effective leadership, effective supervision, effective monitoring of students’ work, motivation, class control and disciplinary ability of the teachers. From the above researches done the effect of the leadership or management style adopted by principals in secondary schools has not been well researched on and as such not much is known whether it is the style the principals adopt that affects the performance standards or whether there are other issues in management in the secondary schools of Nyamira North District. There is a widespread belief that raising standards of leadership and management is the key to improving schools. Increasingly, this is linked to the need to prepare and develop leaders for their demanding roles. While this is the main focus of this study, a prior question is the nature of leadership/ management in schools. Which leadership behaviours are most likely to produce favourable school and learner outcomes? The study intends to examine the main models of school leadership and from the research consider the evidences on their relative effectiveness in promoting school improvement. 3. 0 Methodology This chapter presents a detailed description of the research methodology. Methodology refers to the detailed procedure to be followed to realize the research objectives. Methodology include a description of the research design, sampling techniques, instructions as well as data techniques. It describes in details what will be done and how it will be done. it comprises several sub-sections which are usually presented in the order given below. 3. 1 Research design This study will be conducted through correction research design. Correlation is a research design where the researcher determines whether or not and not to what extent an association exists between two or more paired and qualified variables. In this study the researcher will use semi structured interview method that places open – ended question constituting of various management and leadership styles assessment and the effect /impact it has on teacher and student performance. The survey will be done in terms of their leadership and management styles that they use in school and the effect it has on teacher and student performance by means of percentile ratio of every management and leadership style and rank those from highest to lowest from within survey questionnaire. Correlation will enable the researchers to provide vigorous and replicable procedure for understanding relationship and determination whether and to what degree a relationship exists between quantifiable variables. The locale of the study will be Nyamira North District in Nyamira County 3. 2 Population and Sampling 3. 2. 1 Target /Accessible Population The target population will consist of all 38 principals 360 teachers and 9000 student in Nyamira North District in Nyamira County has 38 secondary schools and they have constantly performed dismally in the national examination for the last 20 years. It is therefore considered appropriate for providing a focal point for the study of effect of leadership and management styles on the teacher and student performance. 3. 2. 2 Sample The sample will consist of heterogeneous respondents selected from the target population. 25 schools will be selected and from each selected school three categories of the target group will be targeted. These categories will be selected as one principal, 4 teachers and 12 students. The size of the sample will be 425 respondents distributed as 25 principals, 100 teachers, and 300 students. This number 425 has been chosen using non-mathematical or convenience method determined at the discretion of the researcher, due to pressure of time that cannot allow for all the target population to be surveyed. 3. 2. 3 Sampling techniques This study will employ stratified sampling, random sampling, purposive sampling, and convenience sampling techniques. Stratified sampling technique will be used to select schools and the category of respondents to be included in the sample. Stratified sampling technique is a technique that identifies subgroups in the population and their proportions and select from each subgroup to form the sample. It groups a population into separate homogenous subsets that share similar characteristics so as to ensure equitable representation of the population in the sample the sample. It aims at proportionate representation with a view of accounting for the difference in subgroup characteristics. The researcher is convinced that the target population is not uniform since mixed and single sex school and day and boarding schools do not necessary have similar characteristics, since even personnel in different departments within the same school environment may not always think similarly. As such the target accessible populations cannot be regarded as homogenous. Stratified sampling technique will therefore be used to ensure that the target population is divide into different homogenous strata and that each strata is represented in the sample in a proportion equivalent to this size in the accessible population. Simple random sampling will be used to select a representative sample without bias from the target population this will ensure that each school and its population has equal and independent chance of being included in the sample. Purposive sampling will be used by the researcher consciously to decide who to include in the sample in terms of getting focused information. This will also help to save time and money in cases where the target population may be widely spread. 3. 3 Data Collection 3. 3. 1 Instructions The study will use questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis as the main tools for collecting data. The selection of these tools have been guided by the nature of data to be collected, the time available as well as by the objectives of the study. The overall aim of this study is to establish the relationship between leadership and management styles on the teacher and student performance. The researcher is mainly concerned with views, opinions, perceptions, feelings and attitudes. Such information can best collected through the use of questionnaire and interview techniques (Bell, 1993; Touliatos Compton, 1988) The researcher intends to use semi-structured instrument. This will enable the researcher to balance between the quality and quantity of data collection and provide more information. This delicate balance between the quality and quantity of information is useful for a fuller explanation of the phenomena under investigation. Questionnaire will be used since the study is concerned with variables that cannot be directly observed such as views, opinions perceptions and feelings of the respondents. Such information are best collected through questionnaire (Touliatos Compton 1988) the sample size is also quite large (510) and given the time constraints, questionnaire is the ideal tool for collecting data. The target population is also largely literate and is unlikely to have difficulties responding to questionnaire items. 3. 3. 2 Research procedure Qualitative data will be collected from 425, respondents/interviewees/observant, from 9398 target population during the month of October 2011 using questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The data will be collected by the researcher himself because this will save time and lower the cost of collecting data. 3. 4 Quality Control The instrument will be piloted in the schools that will not be included in the study sample and modified to improve their validity and reliability coefficients to at least 0. 70. Items validity and reliability coefficients of at least 0. 0 are accepted as valid and reliable in research (Kathuri Pals, 1993) Validity is the extent to which research results can be accurately interpreted and generalized to other populations. It is the extent to which research instruments measure what they are intended to measur e (Oso Onen, 2005). To establish validity the instrument will be given to two experts to evaluate the relevance of each item in the instruments objectives. The experts will rate each item on the Likert scale: very relevant (4) quite relevant (3) somewhat relevant (2) and not relevant (1). Validity will be determined using content validity index (C. V. I). C. V. I items rated 3or4 by both judges divided by the total number of items in the questionnaire. 3. 5 Data Analysis Chi-square ( test of goodness – of – fit will be used to analyze the data. Chi – square test is a statistical technique used to compare the different between categorical frequencies drawn from population with a uniform distribution which all alternative responses are equally likely chi-square( ) test of goodness – of – fit will be used because the data that the researcher intends to collect is of the type â€Å"one-variable-many levels† and are basically categorical frequenc ies of the description of views, opinions ,perceptions, feelings and attitudes of the respondents on the effects of management and leadership styles of principals on teacher and student performance. Chi-square is the most sustainable here since it will enable the researcher to identify whether there is any significant difference in the frequencies of the alternative responses. Data from open-added questionnaire items, interviews and group discussions will be grouped under broad themes and converted into frequency counts. All data will be analyzed at a level of significance of 95% or ? = 0. 05) the degrees of freedom depending on the particular case as will be determined. This value (? = 0. 05) has been chosen because the sample size has been adopted from figures calculated on the basis of 0. 95 level of confidence. 3. 6 Assumption and Limitations The following factors; leaner characteristics, and teacher qualifications are expected to influence the DV. The extraneous variable however many not be adequately controlled because the respondents are found in different institutions that are out of control of the researcher. But they will not have a significance effects on the results because the respondents opinions, views perceptions, feelings attitudes will not be influenced by EV. It is therefore assured that they influence will remain very insignificance. The major limitations of this study are: the reliability and validity of the data collected due to the various views, opinions, feelings and attitudes that can emotionally be influenced. If all factors were kept constant, the researcher should adequately explain to the respondents to be very objective in answering. But this was the most suitable technique in the circumstances the data to be collected involves what can not easily be measured. 3. 7 Ethical Considerations. The major ethical problem in this study is the privacy and confidentiality of the respondents. Obtaining lists and files and respondents giving their opinion, feeling and attitudes in writing the questionnaire which itself is an infringement. However the respondents will have the freedom to ignore items that they do not wish to respondent to. Reference and Biography: 1. Bell, J (1993) how to complete your research project successfully New Delhi: UBSPD. 2. Creswell, J. W (1994) Research Design Qualitative and Quantitative approaches . California: SAGE Publications, Inc. 3. Kathuri, N. J Pals A. D (1993) introduction to educational research Egerton: Egerton university education Burk services. 4. Onen, D (2007). The management and the internal efficiency of private secondary school in Uganda. 5. Touliatos, J. S Compton, N. H (1988). Research methods in human ecology /home economics. Iowa State University Press/AMES. 6. Willis Yuko Oso and David Onen a General Guide to Writing Research Proposal and Report (2nd edition 2008) Makerere University Printery 7. John Aluko Orodho,Phd. Elements of Education and Social Science Research methods. Kanejza Publishers, Maseno Kenya. 8. John Aluko Orodho,Phd. Techniques of Writing Research Proposal and Reports in Education and Social Sciences. Kanejza Publishers, Maseno Kenya How to cite Leadership and Performance, Essay examples